Vol. 7, Issue 2, Part A (2025)

The eye is the most interesting organ because of its drug disposition characteristics. Because topical medicine delivery is safe and convenient for ocular chemotherapy, it is typically the recommended method1. One of the formulator2's main challenges is to overcome (evade) the eye's protective barriers without irreparably harming tissue. Ocular delivery systems with excellent treatment efficacy are still being made possible by the development of new, more sensitive diagnostic methods and The eye's complex structure and strong defenses limit medication absorption and therapeutic efficacy, making ocular drug administration particularly difficult. Due to their low corneal penetration and quick precorneal elimination, traditional ophthalmic dosage forms—such as solutions, suspensions, and ointments—have low intraocular bioavailability. Advanced ocular drug delivery methods have been created to improve drug retention, penetration, and controlled release in order to overcome these drawbacks. In situ gels, ocular inserts, and sustained-release implants are examples of new formulations. To create efficient delivery methods, a comprehensive grasp of ocular anatomy is essential, especially with regard to barriers such as the corneal epithelium, conjunctiva, blood–aqueous, and blood–retina barriers. Drug physicochemical characteristics, formulation variables like pH, solubility, and viscosity, as well as corneal and non-corneal drug absorption pathways, all play important roles in influencing ocular drug disposition. Overcoming these physiological limitations may be possible with the investigation of more recent technologies, such as bioadhesive polymers and nanocarriers. Longer residence time and focused delivery to ocular tissues while reducing systemic exposure and side effects are the ultimate goals in order to improve the overall therapeutic outcome in ophthalmic therapy.