Vol. 7, Issue 1, Part B (2025)

Soap, a salt of fatty acids, has long served various purposes including cleaning, lubrication, and medicinal applications. Its use can be traced back to ancient civilizations such as Babylon, where early formulations were inscribed on Samaritan tablets. Herbal soaps are formulated using plant-based ingredients such as seeds, rhizomes, nuts, and pulps, which possess antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-aging, and antiseptic properties. Unlike commercial soaps, herbal soaps do not contain artificial colours, fragrances, or synthetic additives, making them a safer and more environmentally friendly alternative. The evolution of soap has brought about various production techniques, notably the development of herbal soaps. These are made using natural ingredients known for their skin-benefiting properties. The use of herbs in soap not only contributes to skin health but also minimizes potential side effects associated with synthetic compounds found in commercial products. Herbal soaps are enriched with bioactive plant ingredients that provide numerous skin benefits. The production of herbal soap can be carried out using various methods, including the hot process, cold process, melt-and-pour method, and re-batching. All these techniques rely on the process of saponification, a chemical reaction in which an ester reacts with an inorganic base to yield soap and alcohol. The quality and efficacy of herbal soap can be assessed using standardized parameters such as Total Fatty Matter (TFM), moisture content, pH level, and alcohol-insoluble matter. These parameters help ensure that the final product meets dermatological and safety standards.